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Previous studies from the United Kingdom, Germany and the Netherlands have reported lower knowledge levels among the general public in relation to similar questions, as compared to our results. The results of our study show that the majority of respondents had an appropriate and restrictive attitude towards antibiotics. Strama’s and other agencies’ extensive work in Sweden since 2006 could also have had a positive effect on the level of knowledge among the general population.youtube.com This brochure can be found at many health centers in Sweden. Although respondents in the present study understood the relationship between unnecessary antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance development, some misconceptions still exist.


‘antibiotic resistance’ was detected; 85% agreed with the statement "People can become resistant to antibiotics". In our current study, this has improved, however it still requires attention.youtube.com A better understanding of the biomedical concept of antibiotic resistance might encourage individuals to take responsibility, and the general public to engage in practising behaviours aimed at containing spread of antibiotic resistance, for the benefit of society. The knowledge gaps identified in this study relate mainly to how antibiotic resistance spreads. We were able to characterise the underlying respondents’ profiles by using LCA. To our knowledge, this is the first time that this approach has been used to analyse knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic use and resistance.


This characterisation will facilitate the segmentation and subsequent development of tailored messages in future campaigns. British, a Spanish and a Dutch study showed the opposite. None of the afore mentioned studies utilised LCA. Nevertheless, whilst men had more knowledge about antibiotics than women, they were more likely to have only a ‘Fairly appropriate’ attitude towards antibiotic accessibility and infection prevention (for explanation see methods section). Other research supports this finding by showing that males were more likely to report that they behaved against recommendations regarding antibiotic use. We also found that the younger participants had higher knowledge than the older ones. This result was similar to a Korean study which showed that younger participants had more knowledge. Conversely, a Malaysian study showed that younger participants were less knowledgeable than older counterparts.


Furthermore, older people were less likely than younger people to have a ‘Fairly appropriate attitude’ towards antibiotic accessibility and infection prevention. Similar results were seen in a Malaysian study. Respondents with ‘Accurate knowledge’ about antibiotics were more likely to have an ‘Appropriate restrictive’ attitude towards antibiotics. A comparable relationship between knowledge and attitudes was also seen in the studies from Malaysia and South Korea. In addition to knowledge level, the cultural constructs prevalent in a society also play a role in the patterns of antibiotic use. Previous studies have shown that European countries where particular cultural characteristics, as defined by Hoftede’s model, are more prone to excessive use of antibiotics.


These cultural dimensions include a strong sense of hierarchy (power distance), low tolerance to ambiguity (uncertainty avoidance) and predominance of assertiveness and competitiveness in decision-making processes (masculinity). In contrast, Sweden exhibits a different cultural profile that favours a more prudent approach towards antibiotic use in general. Swedish society is characterised by preference for deliberation and consensus (i.e. low power distance); high adaptability to unknown situations (low uncertainty avoidance) and has a rather low masculinity score. Interesting enough, the high level of individualism observed among Swedes could be related to a preference for self-medication, following this cultural approach. However, a fairly low number of respondents (6%) expressed their interest in using left over antibiotics. Even so, attention must be given to new channels of accessing antibiotics, such travel and online purchases. A large majority of the respondents had high confidence in a doctor’s decision not to prescribe antibiotics.


Comparable results were observed in Germany, where in a web-based survey, the majority of respondents said that they would trust their doctor if s/he chose not to prescribe antibiotics. Divergent results were reported recently in a practice-level study from England, where patient satisfaction ratings decreased when antibiotic prescribing was lower than the national mean. However, the aforementioned report did not directly evaluated the relationship between satisfaction and antibiotic prescribing at individual level as it was assessed in the current report. Interestingly, trust in doctors who prescribe antibiotics increased. This phenomenon might be the result of a well-informed, highly-aware society, with access to alternative sources of information (e.g.youtube.com internet) combined with rather restricted access to antibiotics within the Swedish healthcare system. The Swedish Medical Products Agency has reported an increase in the number of internet searches on how to buy medicines online, particularly antibiotics for Chlamydia infections.


Younger people were identified as a risk group for this behaviour, which is consistent with our findings that younger respondents were less likely to trust a doctor’s decision not to prescribe antibiotics. This finding stresses the importance of establishing good communication between patients and healthcare providers, particularly within this population segment. This study has several strengths, including a large sample size randomly selected from a population-based sampling frame, with a relatively high response rate. The results could potentially be transferable also to other similar populations. In addition, we used a previously tested questionnaire, which contributed to the validity of our study and allowed for comparison with previous results from the same population. The use of LCA allowed us to cluster participants according to the similarity of their answers, instead of using arbitrary scores. Furthermore, LCA enabled the identification of population groups, which can be targeted through future tailored interventions.


One of the study’s limitations was potential overestimation of positive outcomes. It is possible, that people who were more informed or interested in the topic were more willing to participate. Males and young people were under-represented among the respondents, potentially influencing the results. There could also be a negative selection bias for non-Swedish speaking people, meaning that a lower proportion of non-Swedish speaking people responded to the questionnaire. Potentially, the percentage of respondents with a university degree, could have led to an overestimation of the good knowledge observed in this study. There could also be a selection bias considering that 20% has stated that they have a medical or healthcare-related education.


This should be taken in to consideration when interpreting the relationship between high education, accurate knowledge and appropriate restrictive attitude to antibiotics. However, a large proportion of those who stated that they had medical or healthcare-related education had only taken a very short cardiopulmonary resuscitation course or the like.youtube.com Although the mailed questionnaires might have minimised the social desirability effect, there is no certainty that the participants did not search for the answers, asked someone else, or that the questionnaire was actually answered by the selected person. Another shortcoming when using a postal questionnaire is that participants do not have the possibility to ask the interviewer for clarification in cases where questions may have been unclear to them.


In addition, given these huge costs, burden reduction has become a key governmental priority. Furthermore, the population using medicines and devices is changing; we are seeing a shift towards an older patient population with multiple comorbidities and chronic conditions, and increased numbers being treated with polypharmacy. This leads to increased levels of confounding factors to be taken into account when assessing the effect of a medicine on the human body. Shifts in society are driving the way that patients and the public perceive the regulator; expectations are becoming higher and greater transparency is required to address these concerns. Decisions made by regulators and governments are often subject to greater scrutiny, [https://www.mydrugs.co.uk/medicines/sleep/sleep-aid.html sleeping tablets] criticism and challenge. There is increasing pressure to bring novel therapeutic products to market faster and with less bureaucracy; however, this is also met with a decreasing tolerance for problem products. Patients are beginning to take more ownership of their conditions and treatments, and are becoming better informed as a result of online searches and the ability to link with others using patient group forums. The UK Government has also set out various priorities which the UK regulator, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) will contribute to taking forward.


Can you buy medication online in florida? But only buy from a reputable online pharmacy that insists a prescription and applies all the laws of pharmacy in the county that they are in! How do you get bonded for a HVAC company in Idaho? You can do it online. Where can you buy methadone online? If you go to a legit pain management doctor and he prescribes Methadone.youtube.com You can go to a place called a pharmacy and purchase it there. That way, you won't end up in prison. Is pennfoster online school legit? Yes, Penn Foster online school is legit and is credited. Is bookvipcom a legit company?


The website, BookVIP, is a legit company. They are used to book resort vacations.youtube.com Why use an online pharmacy? In order to save time and money! Yes, in fact almost every company does online applications anymore. Where can someone find legit lawyer reviews? If referring online, there is a free site which is called USCIS, which is a government website which gives legit lawyer reviews. Another site to see for legit lawyer reviews is research lawyers website. Is it unsafe to buy medication online? Is dinsqe electronic an legitimate company?youtube.com Is Aspen a legit work from home company? Is this a legit company? Answers Corp. is a public company listed on NASDAQ (ticker ANSW).youtube.com Is 605 Market LLC in Wilmington DE a legit company or an identity theft scam?


There is no information on this company, I think it's a scam. Is Coral Sun Villas a genuine holiday company in Cyprus? Yeah, the company is legit. I used them before and they offer a great service. What were the top selling toys of the 1980s? What celebrities avoid social media? Why did the Sonic the Hedgehog movie get delayed? What is it like to be left at the altar? What were the top selling toys of the 1970s? What do the Olympic rings mean?youtube.com Where do veterinarians get blood for animal blood transfusions? What is the greatest year in movie history? Facts about star spangled banner? What is in the Impossible Whopper?


Quite a lot of individuals are buying almost everything online such as food items, clothes, footwear, books, and also medicines. Online networking and E commerce has made life very hassle free and has made the whole buying experience effortless, let you to pick things from your own comfort and convenience. Every home has internet access today and has all the other basic requisites for internet usage. Despite the comfort a person have from online medical store; one must take care of certain safety measures whilebuying medicines online in India from internet. It is said this way because sometimes many people complain for the online medical pharmacies for selling some dangerous and unauthorized products.


Ideally, the easiest way to buy medicine online is to be sure what of what are you buying and check the details carefully. Firstly, check out the online medical store for the stocks prescription which you need, and compare them with the rates you buy from local medical store. There are special dedicated online stores that sell different types of medicines online, such as ayurvedic and homeopathy medicine. For those who buy regularly and in bulk quantities, online medical store will offer great discounts. Often there are medicines which are at the same price, as at the local pharmacy shop; still do people prefer to buy medicine online or not?


Let us see the justification: Lot of people chooses to buy through online medical store even if there is no major difference or no change in the price benefit, because they stand out to attain perks in other ways. They save their precious time and efforts to go out to a shop and also the fuel. Remember to ensure a safe and assured purchase, by applying proper research and referring to authorized authorities in the pharmacy world online. Online medical store in India are a boom to medical industry and an innovative development. Your opportunity to buy medicine online shall not get wasted now. Make your shopping easier and struggle free by ordering medicines online. All one has to do is that take out some time, to check the availability of medicine, compare the prices and then just select the product and start shopping.


Human being is one of the greatest creations in the earth. They are the most intelligent among all the animals in the earth. But nowadays they are getting very busy in their job life that they can’t manage a little time for enjoyment with their family. This will make the people weak by mentality, and due to the people are getting weak by mentality they are falling ill by diseases easily. If a person is falling ill by the diseases they have to manage some time from their busy life schedule and have to consult a doctor. The doctor will check them very carefully and give them medicines. The paper where the doctor writes about the problems of his or her patient, and also writes the name and the generic name of the medicines related to that disease, is known as prescription.


After consulting a doctor the people have to buy the medicines which are noted in the prescription. But the people have no time to go to a medical shop or a pharmacy and buy the noted medicines for them. Then there is a solution for them. The person can upload the prescription at the online website of a pharmacy. This is known as upload prescriptions online Kolkata. Anyone who has a camera in their phone or a digital camera can do this type of upload. At first the person has to click some photos of the prescription. There are some rules related with this. · The person has to click the clear picture of the prescription.


Sometimes the people clicks the hazy picture of a prescription, then the server faces the problem to match the names of the medicines, and shows error in the search results. · When a person is clicking the picture of a prescription, then the person has to remember to click the area of the doctor’s name. If the person can’t click the picture with the name of the doctor, then the website show the error massage. · The person who will upload a picture of a prescription should be very concern about the id of the doctor. If there will no id shown in the picture, then the website will show the person error massage.


· There is also a vital point related with upload prescriptions online- the prescription should be recent. The very old will be rejected by the website. · If a person crumbles his or her prescription, then it will be rejected by the online website of the pharmacy, because the websites can’t match the name of the medicines. So, be very careful and don’t crumble a prescription. · At many time some people will take selfie with the prescription and upload the pictures to the website. Then the website will give the person error massage because the website needs the prescription, not the human face.


Extant Internet governance approaches are very useful in addressing online health activities. Building upon emerging Internet governance, we believe an enhanced "e-Health Governance" model for cybercrime can be created, beginning a coordinated and focused effort to address illicit online pharmacies and their fraudulent and misleading use of eDTCA. Foundationally, this would entail promoting global health diplomacy efforts in all Internet governance activities, consistently prioritizing illicit online pharmacies as a preeminent cybersecurity and cybercrime issue, and building protections so that eDTCA is not false or misleading for consumers. Proposed e-Health Governance for cybercrime should be shaped like the more inclusive IGF infrastructure and include its broad membership. However, beyond IGF infrastructure and membership, crucial to the success of e-Health cybercrime governance is partnership with organizations that currently focus on illicit online pharmacy networks, transnational crime, and cybersecurity. Here, the UNODC is well situated to coordinate IGF partner efforts.


First, UNODC is the lead UN agency combatting global organized criminal networks, including trade in counterfeit medicines. UNTOC also has near universal global adoption; 174 Member States are party to the Convention. Under UNTOC, UN Member States commit themselves to enact domestic laws against organized crime and collaborate internationally to fight against criminal networks. UNODC and application to UNTOC have recently converged regarding illicit online pharmacy and fraudulent eDTCA cybercrime-focused issues. " Each contemplates and calls for UNODC leadership based on its unique capabilities, empowerment, transnational experience and/or its successful, inclusive partnerships with other stakeholders. Leveraging its support and empowerment, UNODC can engage IGF and WSIS stakeholders to promote e-Health Governance investigation, detection, and coordination activities against illicit online pharmacies and their misleading eDTCA.


Dynamic Coalition Working Group (DCWG) in IGF comprised of stakeholders from public health, information technology and law enforcement communities. Develop a "best practices" or similar agreed upon set of recommendations regarding Internet security and access specifically tailored to needs of global public health and regulating Internet pharmacies. Development of a living document that should be revisited as experience in cybercrime grows in the health sector. The primary issue for this working group to address is ensuring patients with safe and quality access to health information and services online, including appropriately regulating eDTCA and Internet pharmacies. Development of special Multistakeholder Advisory Group (MAG) of IGF with permanent membership that advises the UN Secretary General on issues of cybercrime and health. UNODC-IGF MAG would raise awareness and engage in health diplomacy regarding currently unaddressed areas of transnational cybercrime involving health, specifically emphasizing cybercrime and public health risks of illicit online pharmacies.